全国“十一五”教育科研先进工作者,全国外语教师“园丁奖”,外专委会员,国家级资助课题主持人,省特级教师、省政府特殊津贴、江淮好学科名师、省特级教师工作室首席负责人,省培专家人选,市专业技术拔尖人才,市级名师和学科带头人。《英语周报》《学生双语报》《教学考试》《试题调研》等专栏作者。曾获英语周报社“最佳稿件奖”,“优秀作者奖” “稿件创新奖”“中考功臣奖”,英语辅导报社“十佳稿件奖”“高质稿件奖”。著有《高中英语文化阅读新教程》《英语奥林匹克》,绿卡专项突破系列《语法》《阅读》《完形》等。
解读定语从句中的关系代词
具有连接作用的关系代词，that which who whom whose
“关系代词”用于引导定语从句，关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
关系代词和关系副词，关系副词有：when, where, why。
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注意：关系副词里面没有 how。
如果要修饰方式 way ，用 that 或 in which 引导，或者不用引导词。
I don’t like the way (that, in which) he eyed me.
我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。
先行词是人：多用who（一）
先行词是人而关系代词在限制性定语从句中做主语时，下列情况多用who，也可用that，但是用who更常见。
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗？
A friend who/that helps you in time of need is a real friend.
患难之交才是真朋友。
先行词是人：多用who（二）
一、先行词是人称代词he, they, on
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.
要去长城的人在这儿签名。
Time goes fast for on
对一个有美感的人时间总是快速而过的。
二、先行词是指人的序数词或是被序数词修饰时。
The first man who talks to me will receive a surprising present.
第一个和我对话的人将获得一份惊喜的礼物，引导词多用who。
They were the first who were here.
他们是第一批到达这儿的人。
先行词是人：多用whom
先行词是人而关系代词在限制性定语从句中做宾语时，下列情况多用whom，也可用that，但是更多的情况下是采用省略关系代词。
关系代词在限制性定语从句中做宾语：whom/ that，更多省略
He is the man (whom/ that) I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。
The students (whom/ that) you teach are now doing experiments.
你任教的学生这时在做作业。
Then I telephoned the doctor (whom) Mr. White recommended.
然后我打电话给怀特先生推荐的那个医生。
先行词是人：只能用whom
先行词是人而关系代词在限制性定语从句中做介宾时，只能用whom。
This is the man to whom I referred.
这就是我提到过的那个人。
The people with whom he worked thought he was a bit strange.
和他一起工作的人认为他有点奇怪。
先行词是人：只能用that
先行词是人时，在以下情况下，只能用that。
一、主句中包含疑问代词who或which时。
Who is the man that is standing by the door?
站在门边的那个人是谁呀？
Who that has ever worked with him doesn’t admire him?
曾经和他一起工作过的人谁不称赞他？
Which of us that knows anything does not know this?
我们中凡是稍有常识的人哪一个不懂得这个？
二、关系代词在从句中做表语时。
He is no longer the simple-minded man that he was five years ago.
他不是五年前那个头脑简单的人了。
三、关系代词在从句中做宾补时。
He is not the fool (that) you thought him.
他并不像你想象的那样傻。
四、有两个先行词，而一个是人，另一个是物时。
He spoke largely of the men and the things that he had seen.
他主要讲了他所见到的人和物。
五、先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。
He is the bravest man that I have ever seen.
他是我所见过的最勇敢的人。
六、先行词被all, any, no, on
Ask Tom or any other student that was there.
问问汤姆或是任何一位当时在那儿的学生。
He is the very boy that I am looking for.
他就是我在找的那个男孩。
先行词是人：不能用that
先行词是人时，在以下情况下，只能用who/whom，不用that。
一、定语从句中的引导词和谓语动词被其他成分所分隔。
He was a man who, if had been properly supported, would have worked wonders.
如果当时给与适当的支持，他是一个本该创造出奇迹的人。
二、当先行词是集体名词被看作一群个体时。
The crew who were all asleep forgot to hoist the lantern.
熟睡的船员们全都忘了挂灯。
注意：当先行词是集体名词被看作一个整体时，关系代词要用which。
先行词是人：多用which
一、当先行词指婴幼儿、小孩时。
He made a face to the child which was in the mother's arm.
他对抱在母亲怀中的婴儿做了个鬼脸。
二、当先行词是集体名词被看作一个整体时。
The group which is made up of ten members is responsible for this decision.
由10人组成的那个小组负责这项决定。
注意：当先行词是集体名词被看作一群个体时，关系代词要用who。
三、当先行词强调人物的身份（特征）、地位时。
He talked like a foreigner which/ that he hardly was.
他说起话来像个外国人，而他根本就不是。
四、当先行词强调个人的性格（特征）时。
He is the man which/ that he was.
他还是象过去那个老样子。
Bonny is quite different from the girl which/ that I thought her to be.
邦妮完全不是我曾认为的那种女孩。
五、当先行词强调人的品德（特征）时。
He is a gentleman which/ that his little brother isn't.
他很有绅士风度，他弟弟却没有。
先行词是人：只能用whose
People whose rents have been raised can appeal．
那些被增加了租金的人可以上诉。
The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him．
这部电影是关于一个被自己妻子出卖的间谍的故事。
The man whose wallet had been stolen immediately reported the theft.
钱包被偷的那个男子立即报失。
I’m writing a letter to Mike, whose mother is ill.
我在给迈克写信，他的母亲生病了。
先行词是事物：用that或which
A house that/ which overlooks the park will cost more.
面朝公园的房子要贵些。
She was not on the train that/ which arrived just now.
她不在刚到的那列火车上。
Thank you very much for the present (that/ which) you sent me.
非常感谢你送给我的礼物。
Is this the key (which/ that) you are looking for?
这就是你在找的钥匙吗？
先行词是事物：只能用that
一、先行词是everything, nothing, few, little, all, much等不定代词时：
There are few that deal with this subject.
几乎没有人研究过这个课题。
All that glitters is not gold.
闪光的并不都是金子。
Tell us everything (that) you know, please.
告诉我你所知道的一切。
Is there anything (that) you don’t understand?
还有你不懂的东西吗？
注意：something做先行词时，关系代词多用that，也可用which。
二、先行词被all, any, few, little, no, on
There is no difficulty that we cannot overcome.
没有我们克服不了的困难。
This is the on
这是唯一我能记住的事。
I’ve read all the books that you gave me.
我已经读完你给我所有的书。
三、先行词被序数词所修饰时：
The first thing that we should do is (to) work out a plan.
我们应该做的第一件事是制定出一个计划。
This is the first composition that he has ever written in English.
这是他第一本用英语写成的书。
四、先行词是数词或被数词限定时：
The two books that I bought yesterday are English stories.
昨天我买的两本书是英语短篇小说。
五、先行词是形容词最高级或是被形容词最高级修饰时：
This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.
这是我所读过的最有趣的书。
This is the longest bridge that I have ever seen.
这是我见过的最长的桥。
六、关系代词在限制性定语从句中做表语时：
My computer is not the machine that it was.
我的电脑已经不如从前了。
七、主句是含有what about…的疑问句时：
What about designing car engines that do not pollute the air.
设计一种不污染空气的汽车引擎怎么样？
先行词是事物：只能用which
一、关系代词做介宾时：
They tried to think of a plan by which they could fulfill their task ahead of time.
他们试图相处一个能够提前完成任务的计划。
二、先行词与做宾语的关系代词被其他成分所分隔：
I’ll send you a book next month which you will like.
下个月我将给你寄去一本你喜欢的书。
三、先行词是that(those)时：
Is it that which you asked me to find?
这就是你让我找的东西吗？
先行词是事物:whose,of which
先行词是事物：引导词用whose或of which
They built a house whose walls were made of glass.
They built a house the walls of which were made of glass.
They built a house of which the walls were made of glass.
他们修建了一座用玻璃做墙的房子。
She lived in a town whose inhabitants speak French.
She lived in a town the inhabitants of which speak French.
She lived in a town of which the inhabitants speak French.
她住在一个小镇，镇上的居民讲法语。
The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired.
The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired.
The house of which the roof was damaged has now been repaired.
屋顶被毁的那间房子已经修复。
关系代词的省略：宾语
He is the man (whom/ that) I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。
The students (whom/ that) you teach are now doing experiments.
你任教的学生这时在做作业。
Then I telephoned the doctor (whom) Mr. White recommended.
然后我打电话给怀特先生推荐的那个医生。
Thank you very much for the present (that/ which) you sent me.
非常感谢你送给我的礼物。
Is this the key (which/ that) you are looking for?
这就是你在找的钥匙吗？
关系代词的省略：介宾
This is the man to whom I referred.
这就是我提到过的那个人。（介词和介宾相邻，不能省略）
This is the man (whom) I referred to.
这就是我提到过的那个人。（介词和介宾分离，可以省略）
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The people with whom he worked thought he was a bit strange.
和他一起工作的人认为他有点奇怪。（本句的介宾不能省略）
The people (whom) he worked with thought he was a bit strange.
和他一起工作的人认为他有点奇怪。（可以省略）
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This is the garden in which he sunbathed.
这是他做日光浴的花园。（本句的介宾不能省略）
This is the garden (that) he sunbathed in.
这是他做日光浴的花园。（可以省略）
关系代词的省略：表语
He is no longer the simple-minded man (that) he was five years ago.
他不是五年前那个头脑简单的人了。
She is no longer the person (that) she used to be.
她已经不是过去的她了。
关系代词的省略：主语
There is…
There’s something (that) keeps worrying me.
有件事总让我担心。
There is a table (that) stands near the window.
有一只桌子放在窗旁。
There is somebody (who) wants you on the phone.
有人给你打电话。
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Here is…
Here is a book (that) will tell you how to master English quickly.
这让有一本书会告诉你怎样快速掌握英语。
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插入语I think, I know, I feel, He believes, He admits, He guesses之前作主语的关系代词也可以省略。
He stopped the students from doing things (that) he thought were wrong.
他不让学生做他认为是错的事情。
He asked for something (that) I knew couldn’t be done.
他所要的东西我知道是无法提供的。
带介词的关系代词
一、where= in which, when= in which
This is the time when he normally arrives.
这是他通常到达的时间。
This is the time at which he normally arrives.
这是他通常到达的时间。(when= at which)
This is the time that he normally arrives at.
这是他通常到达的时间。（介词可以脱离关系代词，置于从句的谓语动词之后）
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二、send the letter to whom, make the model plane for whom
He is the boy for whom I made the model plane.
（要注意to或for的正确选用）
He is the boy whom I made the model plane for.
（介词可以脱离关系代词，置于从句的谓语动词之后）
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三、come across whom, look forward to which
He is the man that/ who/ whom/ I came across in the park yesterday.
（came across不能拆开，因为它是一个固定的词组）
（错例）He is the man across whom I came in the park yesterday.
That was the kind of life that she was looking forward to.
（look forward to不能被拆开。）
关系代词：who
关系代词 who 在从句中主要作主语，在非正式语体里 who 还可以作从句中的宾语。
I met someone who said he knew you．
我碰到了说自己认识你的一个人。
（who 在从句中作主语）
Succeed will come to him who is honest and diligent.
成功将归于诚实而勤奋的人。
The man whom I saw told me to come back today．
我见到的那个人叫我今天返回。（whom 在从句中作宾语）
关系代词：whose
whose 用来指人或物，（只能用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人车坏了，他们跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
关系代词：which（2）
当在which和that面前进行选择的情况下，一下情况要选which：
1.在非限制性定语从句中通常用which作引导词，而不能用that做非限制性定语从句的引导词。
2. 修饰整个主句。
I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity.
从那以后我再也没有见到朱莉叶，真是遗憾。
3. 修饰谓语部分。
He can swim in the river, which I cannot.
他会在河里游泳，那正是我不会的。
4. 介词 + which
They are all questions to which there are no answers.
那些问题都是无头公案。
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